What type of analysis focuses on the relationships and patterns within spatial data?

Spatial statistics is the correct answer because it specifically deals with analyzing and interpreting the relationships, patterns, and spatial structures inherent in geographic data. This approach considers the geographical context of the data, enabling the identification of clusters, trends, and spatial autocorrelation. By incorporating the spatial aspect into statistical methods, spatial statistics allows for more meaningful insights that are crucial in fields ranging from urban planning to environmental science.

In contrast, statistical analysis broadly encompasses various quantitative techniques that may or may not include a spatial component. Demographic analysis focuses on the characteristics of populations and does not necessarily examine spatial relationships. Qualitative analysis is primarily concerned with non-numerical data and descriptive information, which does not engage with spatial data patterns in the same rigorous way as spatial statistics.